Serbia
Capital | Belgrade |
Continent | Europe |
Code | +381 |
Currency | Serbian Dinar (RSD) |
Languages | Serbian |
Serbia is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkans, bordering Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest, and claiming a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia has a population of almost 7 million, with Belgrade as its capital and largest city.
Continuously inhabited since the Paleolithic Age, the
territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations in the 6th century,
establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times
recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine, Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms.
The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in
1217, reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as Serbian Empire. By the mid-16th
century, the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia; their rule was
at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire, which began expanding towards
Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in
Vojvodina. In the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the
nation-state as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently
expanded its territory. Following casualties in World War I, and the subsequent
unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina with Serbia, the
country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic nations, which would
exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s.
During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro, which
was peacefully dissolved in 2006, restoring Serbia's independence as a
sovereign state for the first time since 1918. In 2008, representatives of the
Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses
from the international community while Serbia continues to claim it as part of
its sovereign territory.
Serbia is an upper-middle-income economy, ranked 64th in the Human Development Index domain. It is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic, a member of the UN, Coe, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, CEFTA, and is acceding to the WTO. Since 2014, the country has been negotiating its EU accession, to join the European Union by 2025. Serbia has been formally adhering to the policy of military neutrality. The country provides universal health care and free primary and secondary education to its citizens.
History
The history of Serbia covers the historical development of
Serbia and of its predecessor states, from the Early Stone Age to the present
state, as well as that of the Serbian people and of the areas they ruled
historically. The scope of Serbian habitation and rule has varied much through
the ages, and, as a result, the history of Serbia is similarly elastic in what
it includes.
Slavs settled the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries, out
of which settlement the First Serbian Principality of the Vlastimirovići
emerged. It evolved into a Grand Principality by the 11th century, and in 1217
the Kingdom and national church (Serbian Orthodox Church) was established,
under the Nemanjići. In 1345 the Serbian Empire was established: it spanned a
large part of the Balkans. In 1540 the Ottoman Empire annexed Serbia.
The Serbian realms disappeared by the mid-16th century, torn
by domestic feuds and overcome by Ottoman conquest. The success of the Serbian
revolution against Ottoman rule in 1817 marked the birth of the Principality of
Serbia, which achieved de facto independence in 1867 and finally gained
recognition by the Great Powers in the Berlin Congress of 1878. As a victor in
the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, Serbia regained Vardar Macedonia, Kosovo and
Raška (Old Serbia). In late 1918 the region of Vojvodina proclaimed its
secession from Austria-Hungary to unite with the pan-Slavic State of Slovenes,
Croats and Serbs; the Kingdom of Serbia joined the union on 1 December 1918,
and the country was named the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
Serbia achieved its current borders at the end of World War II, when it became a federal unit within the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (proclaimed in November 1945). After the dissolution of Yugoslavia in a series of wars in the 1990s, Serbia once again became an independent state on 5 June 2006, following the breakup of a short-lived union with Montenegro.
Geography
A landlocked country situated at the crossroads between
Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is located in the Balkan peninsula and the
Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41° and 47° N, and longitudes
18° and 23° E. The country covers a total of 88,361 km2 (34,116 sq mi)
(including Kosovo), which places it at 113th place in the world; with Kosovo
excluded, the total area is 77,474 km2 (29,913 sq mi), which would make it
117th. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km (1,260 mi): Albania 115 km
(71 mi), Bosnia and Herzegovina 302 km (188 mi), Bulgaria 318 km (198 mi),
Croatia 241 km (150 mi), Hungary 151 km (94 mi), North Macedonia 221 km (137
mi), Montenegro 203 km (126 mi) and Romania 476 km (296 mi). All of Kosovo's
border with Albania (115 km (71 mi)), North Macedonia (159 km (99 mi)) and
Montenegro (79 km (49 mi)) are under the control of the Kosovo border police.
Serbia treats the 352 km (219 mi) long border between Kosovo and the rest of
Serbia as an "administrative line"; it is under shared control of
Kosovo border police and Serbian police forces, and there are 11 crossing
points. The Pannonian Plain covers the northern third of the country (Vojvodina
and Mačva) while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian
Plain. The terrain of the central part of the country, with the region of
Šumadija at its heart, consists chiefly of hills traversed by rivers. Mountains
dominate the southern third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the
southwest, following the flow of the rivers Drina and Ibar. The Carpathian
Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in a north-south direction in eastern
Serbia.
Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to the Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system. Elevation ranges from the Midžor peak of the Balkan Mountains at 2,169 metres (7,116 feet) (the highest peak in Serbia, excluding Kosovo) to the lowest point of just 17 metres (56 feet) near the Danube river at Prahova. The largest lake is Đerdap Lake (163 square kilometres (63 sq mi)) and the longest river passing through Serbia is the Danube (587.35 kilometres (364.96 mi)).
Politics
Serbia is a parliamentary republic, with the government divided into legislative, executive, and judiciary branches. Serbia had one of the first modern constitutions in Europe, the 1835 Constitution (known as the Sretenje Constitution), which was at the time considered among the most progressive and liberal constitutions in Europe. Since then it has adopted 10 different constitutions. The current constitution was adopted in 2006 in the aftermath of the Montenegro independence referendum which by consequence renewed the independence of Serbia itself. The Constitutional Court rules on matters regarding the Constitution.
The President of the Republic (Predsednik Republike) is the
head of state, is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and is limited by
the Constitution to a maximum of two terms. In addition to being the commander
in chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of
appointing the prime minister with the consent of the parliament and has some
influence on foreign policy. Aleksandar Vučić of the Serbian Progressive Party
is the current president following the 2017 presidential election. The seat of
the presidency is Novi Dvor.
The Government (Vlada) is composed of the prime minister and
cabinet ministers. The Government is responsible for proposing legislation and
a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies.
The current prime minister is Ana Brnabić, nominated by the Serbian Progressive
Party.
The National Assembly (Narodna skupština) is a unicameral legislative body. The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, declare war, and ratify international treaties and agreements. It is composed of 250 proportionally elected members who serve four-year terms.
Economy
Serbia has an emerging market economy in the upper-middle-income
range. According to the International Monetary Fund, Serbian nominal GDP in
2018 is officially estimated at $50.651 billion or $7,243 per capita while
purchasing power parity GDP stood at $122.759 billion or $17,555 per capita.
The economy is dominated by services which accounts for 67.9% of GDP, followed
by industry with 26.1% of GDP, and agriculture at 6% of GDP. The official
currency of Serbia is the Serbian dinar (ISO code: RSD), and the central bank
is the National Bank of Serbia. The Belgrade Stock Exchange is the only stock
exchange in the country, with a market capitalisation of $8.65 billion and
BELEX15 as the main index representing the 15 most liquid stocks. The country
is ranked 52nd on the Social Progress Index as well as 51st on the Global Peace
Index.
The economy has been affected by the global economic crisis.
After almost a decade of strong economic growth (average of 4.45% per year),
Serbia entered the recession in 2009 with negative growth of −3% and again in
2012 and 2014 with −1% and −1.8%, respectively. As the government was fighting the
effects of crisis the public debt has more than doubled: from a pre-crisis
level of just under 30% to about 70% of GDP and trending downwards recently to
around 50%. The Labour force stands at 3.2 million, with 56% employed in the services
sector, 28.1% in industry and 15.9% in agriculture. The average monthly net
salary in May 2019 stood at 47,575 dinars or $525. Unemployment remains an
acute problem, with a rate of 12.7% as of 2018.
Since 2000, Serbia has attracted over $40 billion in foreign
direct investment (FDI). Blue-chip corporations making investments include Fiat
Chrysler Automobiles, Siemens, Bosch, Philip Morris, Michelin, Coca-Cola,
Carlsberg and others. In the energy sector, Russian energy giants, Gazprom and
Lukoil have made large investments. In the metallurgy sector, Chinese steel and
copper giants, Hesteel and Zijin Mining have acquired key complexes.
Serbia has an unfavourable trade balance: imports exceed exports by 25%. Serbia's exports, however, recorded a steady growth in the last couple of years reaching $19.2 billion in 2018. The country has free trade agreements with the EFTA and CEFTA, a preferential trade regime with the European Union, a Generalised System of Preferences with the United States, and individual free trade agreements with Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Turkey.
Culture
For centuries straddling the boundaries between East and
West, the territory of Serbia had been divided among the Eastern and Western
halves of the Roman Empire; then between Byzantium and the Kingdom of Hungary;
and in the early modern period between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg
Empire. These overlapping influences have resulted in cultural varieties
throughout Serbia; its north leans to the profile of Central Europe, while the
south is characteristic of the wider Balkans and even the Mediterranean. The
Byzantine influence on Serbia was profound, first through the introduction of
Eastern Christianity in the Early Middle Ages. The Serbian Orthodox Church has
many monasteries built in the Serbian Middle Ages. Serbia was influenced by the
Republic of Venice as well, mainly through trade, literature and romanesque
architecture.
Serbia has five cultural monuments inscribed in the list of
UNESCO World Heritage: the early medieval capital Stari Ras and the
13th-century monastery Sopoćani; the 12th-century Studenica monastery; the
Roman complex of Gamzigrad–Felix Romuliana; medieval tombstones Stećci; and
finally the endangered Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (the monasteries of Visoki
Dečani, Our Lady of Ljeviš, Gračanica and Patriarchal Monastery of Peć).
There are two literary works on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme: the 12th-century Miroslav Gospel, and scientist Nikola Tesla's archive. The slava (patron saint veneration), kolo (traditional folk dance), singing to the accompaniment of the gusle and Zlakusa pottery are inscribed on UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. The Ministry of Culture and Information is tasked with preserving the nation's cultural heritage and overseeing its development, with further activities undertaken by local governments.
Nikola Tesla Museum in Serbia
Tara National Park in Serbia